Participants Porn Stars

"Cream", a lesbian live sex show in Granada

The sex industry employs a multitude of people. These range from the sex worker, also called adult service provider (ASP) or adult sex provider, who provides sexual services, to a multitude of support personnel. Sex workers can be prostitutes, pornographic actors, pornographic models, sex show performers, erotic dancers, telephone sex operators, or webcam sex operators.

In addition, like any other industry, there are people who work in or service the sex industry as managers, film crews, photographers, those working in development and maintenance of websites, processing orders, producing and selling DVDs and other sex articles, printing magazines and books, etc. Some create business models, traffic trading, press releases, negotiate contracts with other owners, buy and sell content, technical support, servers, billing, payroll, organise trade shows and various events, marketing and sales forecasts, human resources, taxes and legal.

Usually, those in management or staff do not have direct dealings with sex workers, instead hiring photographers under contract who have a direct social network with the sex industry and sex workers. Pornography is a product that management and staff in the adult industry professionally markets and sells to adult webmasters for distribution on the Internet.

Internet

The first home-PCs capable of network communication prompted the arrival of online services for adults in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The wide-open early days of the World Wide Web quickly snowballed into the dot-com boom, in-part fueled by an incredible global increase in the demand for and consumption of porn and erotica.

Sex tourism

Sex tourism can create or augment the demand for sex services in various countries. Like tourism in general, sex tourism can make a significant contribution to local economies, especially in popular urban centers. Sex tourism may arise as a result of stringent anti-prostitution laws in a tourist's home country, but can create social problems in the host country.

Location

Businesses that provide sex services tend to cluster around military bases. The British naval port of Portsmouth had a flourishing local sex industry in the 19th century, and until the early 1990s there were large red light districts near American military bases in the Philippines. The Monto red-light district of Dublin, one of the largest in Europe, gained most of its custom from the British soldiers stationed in the city; indeed it collapsed after Irish independence was achieved and the soldiers left. The notorious Patpong entertainment district in Bangkok, and the city of Pattaya, Thailand, started as R&R locations for US troops serving in the Vietnam War in the early 1970s.

Opposition

The sex industry is very controversial, and many people, organizations and governments have strong moral objections to it, and, as a result, pornography, prostitution, striptease and other similar occupations are illegal in many countries.

The term anti-pornography movement is used to describe those who argue that pornography has a variety of harmful effects, such as encouragement of human trafficking, desensitization, pedophilia, dehumanization, exploitation, sexual dysfunction, and inability to maintain healthy sexual relationships.

Feminist objections

Many feminists object to the sex industry, which they argue is exploitative of women who work in it and contributes to the male-centered objectification of women, increases sexual violence against women and undermines the objective of gender equality. They argue that prostitution is a form of male domination and violence against women. Based on these arguments, Sweden, Norway and Iceland have criminalized the buying, but not the selling, of sexual services (the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute).

Conservative and religious objections

Social and religious conservatives condemn the sex industry. They argue that this industry undermines the family and leads to the moral breakdown of society. They say that these professions are amoral, weaken family values, and are contrary to the religion's teachings and human dignity.

Other objections

The sex industry often raises objections because it is sometimes connected to criminal activities, such as human trafficking, illegal immigration, drug abuse, and exploitation of children (child pornography, child prostitution). The sex industry also raises concerns about the spread of STDs.

Sex Industry sectors - Porn History

Window prostitution, in De Wallen, Amsterdam, Netherlands

The term sex industry can be understood as metaphorical, comprising multiple forms of sex-for-money exchanges. Many people refer to broad categories such as prostitution, adult entertainment and commercial sex.

Prostitution involves the provision of sexual services to another person in return for payment. The services are labour intensive, usually involving direct contact between the sex worker and a client. Other participants in the sector are the managers of the sex workers (sometimes pejoratively referred to as "pimps") and those who provide facilities where the sexual services are provided, sometimes referred to as brothels. Some businesses, such as massage parlours and saunas, also provide sex services. Prostitution can also be provided from locations chosen by the client, sometimes referred as by escort agencies, such as at a client's hotel room or home and at other locations. Another form is street prostitution.

Adult entertainment includes live performances. These can be in sex shows or strip clubs and can involve lapdance or other erotic dance. These generally do not involve actual contact between the performer and the audience. Non-contact interaction between the sex worker and a client can also be made through the webcam or telephone. Live performances can also be taped and distributed through the Internet in a variety of forms.

Adult entertainment can also involve portrayals through any media of material which provides sexual excitement and erotic satisfaction to the viewer, usually referred to as pornography or erotica. The media through which pornography can be presented includes films, animation, photographs, drawings, literature and other ways. They are distributed in a variety of ways, including publication in adult magazines, books, DVD etc, and can be sold through sex shops or over the internet. Adult films can also be obtained or rented through sex shops or over the internet or viewed on DVD, on pay-tv, in adult movie theaters and adult video arcades. It is also available on home video and DVD, pay-per-view, live streaming video and video on demand.

The industry also includes businesses which produce and distribute sex toys and which enable people to meet to engage in sexual activities, such as sex clubs, gay bathhouse, darkroom, and others.

In the United States, the pornographic film industry is centered in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, with an estimated 200 production companies in the region employing as many as 1,500 performers, making up to 11,000 films and estimated to earn as much as $13 billion a year. In 2002, there were at least 2,500 strip clubs in the United States generating an estimated revenue of US$3.1 billion, 19% of the legal adult entertainment. By 2010, the number of clubs in the U. S. has grown to approximately 4,000.

Researcher Laura Agustín has called for a cultural study of commercial sex that would document all participants and locations associated with the sex industry, de-centre and thereby de-stigmatise sex workers and reveal the extent to which ordinary society is involved.

Pornographic actors and STDs

Because of the nature of their work, usually involving sex without condoms, pornographic actors were traditionally vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases. In a paper written by LA Public Health officials claimed that among 825 performers screened in 2000–2001, 7.7% of females and 5.5% of males had chlamydia, and 2% overall had gonorrhea. These rates are much higher than in patients visiting family planning clinics, where chlamydia and gonorrhea rates were 4.0% and 0.7%, respectively. Between January 2003 and March 2005, approximately 976 performers were reported with 1,153 positive STD test results. Of the 1,153 positive test results, 722 (62.6 %) were chlamydia, 355 (30.8%) were gonorrhea, and 126 (10.9%) were coinfections with chlamydia and gonorrhea. Less is known about the prevalence and risk of transmission of other STDs such as syphilis, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B or C, trichomonal infection, or diseases transmitted through the fecal–oral route. The data collection of LA public health was criticized by adult industry sources on the grounds that most of those testing positive had never made an adult film-and were in fact being excluded from adult film acting until they had treated their STDs. Non-treatable STDs like HSV represent a difficult case: according to actress Chloe, "After you've been in this business for a while, you have herpes. Everyone has herpes."

The high rate of STDs in the adult film industry started to change in 1998 when major adult film producers started implementing a regular periodic testing program for adult film actors. In the 1980s, an outbreak of HIV led to a number of deaths of erotic actors and actresses, including John Holmes, Wade Nichols, Marc Stevens, Al Parker, Lisa De Leeuw. This led to the creation of the Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation (AIM), which helped set up a voluntary standard in the U.S. adult film industry where erotic actors are tested for HIV, Chlamydia and Gonorrhea every 30 days-and twice a year for HSV, Hepatitis and Syphilis. AIM posts test results on their website identified with the actors drivers license number so they can be shared without any possibility of fraud. AIM claims that this program has reduced the rate of STDs among adult film actors to 20% that of the general population. These claims have been criticized by various public health authorities-but there have been no controlled studies that support the claims of public health authorities that AIM's testing approach is not working.

Autobiographies

• "Inside Linda Lovelace" (1974), "The Intimate Diary of Linda Lovelace" (1974), "Ordeal" (1980), & "Out of Bondage" (1986), Linda Lovelace
• Raw Talent, Jerry Butler, 1990 (ISBN 087975625X)
• Hard, Raffaëla Anderson, 2001 (ISBN 2253154490) (in French)
• Penetrating Insights, Peter North, 1994 (ISBN 1885591225)
• The Secret Lives of Hyapatia Lee, Hyapatia Lee, 2000 (ISBN 1587219069)
• Traci Lords: Underneath It All, Traci Lords, 2003
• Sex Star, Clara Morgane, 2003 (in French)
• J'assume, Nina Roberts, mai 2005 (ISBN 2350120201) (in French)
• How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale, Jenna Jameson, 2005
• Secretos de una pornostar, Celia Blanco, 2005 (in Spanish)
• Porno - Ein Star packt aus, Kelly Trump, 2005 (in German)
• Lights, Camera, SEX!, Christy Canyon, 2005 (ISBN 0972747001)
• Io, Rocco, Rocco Siffredi, 2006 (in Italian) (ISBN 8804559950)
• The Hardest (Working) Man in Showbiz, Ron Jeremy, 2006 (ISBN 0060840838)
• Per amore e per forza, Ilona Staller, 2007 (in Italian)
• Zen and the Art of fucking Pornography, Harold Johnson, 2008 (ISBN 1438204302)
• The Devil Made Me Do It, Georgina Spelvin, 2008 (ISBN 0615199070)
• Candy Barr AKA Juanita Dale Slusher, Candy Barr, 2009 (ISBN 97809818220)
• Sinner Takes All: A Memoir of Love and Porn, Tera Patrick, 2009 (ISBN 1592405223)
• Truth Behind the Fantasy of Porn: The Greatest Illusion on Earth, Shelley Lubben, 2010 (ISBN 9781453860076)

Pay rates - Porn History

Most male performers in straight porn are paid less than their female costars. Ron Jeremy has commented on the pay scale of women and men of the sex film industry: in 2003 "Girls can easily make 100K-250K per year, plus stuff on the side like strip shows and appearances. The average male makes $40,000 a year." and in 2008 "The average guy gets $300 to $400 a scene, or $100 to $200 if he's new. A woman makes $100,000 to $250,000 at the end of the year."

In 2011, the manager of Capri Anderson said "A contract girl will only shoot for one company, she won’t shoot for anyone else. Most actresses in the adult industry are free agents - they’ll shoot for anyone. Being a contract girl is kind of a big deal. Most contract girls make $60,000 a year, which isn’t very much... In one year, a contract girl will shoot four movies, and each movie takes about two or three weeks to shoot."

The Los Angeles Times reported that the pay rates for a female actress performing male and female scenes were paid $ 700 - $1,000.

Some state that gay male porn generally pays men much more than heterosexual porn. Ostensibly, men who perform in gay pornography but identify themselves as heterosexual, most notably Wolf Hudson, are said to do gay-for-pay, that is, perform in gay movies only for the paycheck, not because of any personal attraction they have to other men.

According to producer Seymore Butts, who runs his own sex-film recruitment agency, as well as producing sex films; "depending on draw, female performers who perform in both straight and lesbian porn earn more than those who do [just heterosexual scenes] usually make about US$200–800 while those who only do oral sex (blow job) usually only make about US$100–300 for the scene". It was also noted in an interview conducted by Local10 news of Florida that individuals were offered $700 for sexual intercourse while shooting a scene of the popular series Bang Bus in 2004. According to Videobox, a porn website, actresses make these rates: Blowjobs: $200–$400; Straight sex: $400–$1,200; Anal sex: $900–$1,500; Double Penetration: $1,200–$1,600; Double anal: $2,000. For more unusual fetishes, women generally get 15% extra.

In 2001 actress Chloe said of pay-rates; "In Gonzo, you're paid not by the picture, but by the scene. So it's girl-girl: $700, plus $100 for an anal toy. Boy-girl: $900. Anal: $1,100. Solo: $500. DP: $1,500."

Additionally, besides appearing in films, porn stars often make money from endorsements and appearance fees. For instance, in 2010 some night clubs were paying female porn stars and Playboy Playmates to appear there to act as draws for the general public; Jesse Jane was reported to have been paid between $5,000 to $10,000 for one appearance by a Chicago club.

Male performers - Porn History

Ron Jeremy was ranked by AVN at number one in their "100 Top Porn Stars of All Time" list,Guinness Book of World Records for "Most Appearances in Adult Films".

While the primary focus of heterosexual sex films are the women in them, who are mostly selected for their on-screen appearance, there is a definite focus on the male performers who are able to fulfill the desires of the male watching audience as their on-screen proxies. Most male performers in heterosexual pornography are generally selected less for their looks than for their sexual prowess, namely their ability to do three things: achieve an erection while on a busy film set, maintain that erection while performing on camera, and then ejaculate on cue. In the past an actors' inability to maintain an erection could make the difference between a film turning a profit or a loss. However this problem has been solved by the use of Viagra. If an actor loses his erection, filming is forced to stop for about 45 minutes whilst the drug takes effect. Using Viagra can make the actor's face noticeably flushed, give him a headache, and make it difficult to ejaculate. According to director John Stagliano, using Viagra means "You also lose a dimension." "The guy's fucking without being aroused."

Pornstars: Marcus London, Evan Stone, and Tommy Gunn

Ron Jeremy, John Holmes, Peter North and Rocco Siffredi are considered by AVN as the top male performers of all time. Adding to his fame, Ron Jeremy has been a staple in the industry since the 1970s and has become something of a cultural icon.

Female performers - Porn History

According to actor-turned-director Jonathan Morgan, "The girls could be graded like A, B and C. The A is the chick on the boxcover. She has the power. So she'll show up late or not at all. 99.9% of them do that." Less successful actresses are more likely to perform more extreme acts such as 'double-anal'. If an actress is willing to perform more extreme acts she will receive more offers of work. Older or less attractive actresses are more likely to perform such acts in order to get work. According to Morgan, "Some girls are used up in nine months or a year. An 18-year-old, sweet young thing, signs with an agency, makes five films in her first week. Five directors, five actors, five times five: she gets phone calls. A hundred movies in four months. She's not a fresh face any more. Her price slips and she stops getting phone calls. Then it's, 'Okay, will you do anal? Will you do gangbangs?' Then they're used up. They can't even get a phone call. The market forces of this industry use them up." Some film studios encourage their actresses to have breast implants, and offer to pay for the procedure.

Conversely, some performers are not unhappy with their job, while still noting that "a performer's pleasure is not of primary importance" and that "porn sex is not the same as private sex". Furthermore, there is evidence to say that porn production is not necessarily unethical or degrading. According to Lynn Comella, a women's studies professor at UNLV, presenting demeaning practices as representative of the entire porn industry is "akin to talking about Hollywood while only referencing spaghetti Westerns".

Due to the substantial amount of evidence both for and against the idea that women are degraded in pornography, it is likely that individual experiences vary depending on the director, the performer, and the type of porn being produced. As with other social phenomena, gross generalizations may be problematic.

Legal challenges within the United States - Porn History

Attempts were made in the 1970s to outlaw pornography in the United States by prosecuting porn stars for prostitution. The case was initially made in California, and stopped short of advancing the case to the United States Supreme Court for a final decision. It was this decision and acceptance to let stand whereby the California Court made a legal distinction in the case of People v. Freeman between someone who took part in a sexual relationship for money (prostitution) versus someone who takes on the act of merely portraying role where a sexual relationship was engaged in on-screen act as part of their acting performance. It is this specific legal distinction between pornography and prostitution in California law that has allowed California to become the porn center of the United States.

At present, no other state in the United States has either implemented or accepted this legal distinction between commercial pornography performers versus prostitutes as shown in the Florida case where sex film maker Clinton Raymond McCowen, aka "Ray Guhn", was indicted on charges of "soliciting and engaging in prostitution" for his creation of pornography films which included "McCowen and his associates recruited up to 100 local men and women to participate in group sex scenes, the affidavit says." The distinction that California has in its legal determination in the Freeman decision is usually denied in most states' local prostitution laws, which do not specifically exclude performers from such inclusion.

In some cases, some states have ratified their local state laws for inclusion to prevent California's Freeman decision to be applied to actors who are paid a fee for sexual actions within their state borders. One example is the state of Texas whose prostitution law specifically states:

An offense is established under Subsection (a)(1) whether the actor is to receive or pay a fee. An offense is established under Subsection (a)(2) whether the actor solicits a person to hire him or offers to hire the person solicited.

Pornographic actors history

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